Also, many of these principles apply to almost every organized human activity (e.g., F. Brooks [77]). This thesis conducts a comparative analysis of two case studies. The range of policy solutions suggested for single countries, ranging from central government ‘command and control’ measures to ‘market-based measures’ resting on conducive property rights, taxation and regulatory regimes, can work across borders only if governments cooperate quite closely. Rockwell, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Thesis Approval Form The viva-voce of the PhD Thesis submitted by Shri Gajera Alpeshkumar Chandulal (Enrollment No. Physics codes are an incomplete representation of reality. Time required to complete a project and average code team size as a function of code capability measured in function points. Align authority with responsibility. Interviews were conducted with organizational members and spokespeople involved in each campaign. Eight (25%) were comparative case studies and three of these (9%) used a longitudinal observational design. For social practices theorists successful international environmental cooperation is not a matter of altering incentives while leaving interests unchanged, but of altering beliefs so definitions of interest will be changed. Almost all were violated for the least successful projects. Rational choice analysts treat regulatory harmonization as a coordination problem in which firms and governments have different preferences about regulation but little incentive to depart from an agreed regulatory scheme once it is established. The Gull code project failed to meet its milestones even with adequate time and ample resources. This study examines master of art (MA) theses abstracts written in English in terms of their texual structures. Drawing general “lessons learned” is thus more challenging in these cases. Funding for these operations varies widely in scale and stability. IFDO provides for cooperation among the archives and has been of material assistance in assisting nascent archives, particularly by providing technical and organizational assistance to new archivists in developing countries. In addition, college and university campuses often have ‘data libraries’ that make data available to their faculty, staff, and students; most of these bear minimal archival responsibility, relying for that function on a national institution. So also will sociologists and political scientists involved in comparative and time-series research. The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. The program included the development of large-scale, massively-parallel computer platforms, the associated operating systems and code development tools, application codes and supporting algorithms and models. All items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Case studies and qualitative comparative analyses share a common explanatory limitation with quantitative models—they are fundamentally heuristic rather than definitive. Comparative Case Study Terrorism completing half the work and you can finish it once you Comparative Case Study Terrorism get home or you would want someone to take care of Comparative Case Study Terrorism the whole work. Quantification spread so extensively that recent case-study-methods books focus on quantitative procedures rather than on qualitative processes or interpretation. If you don’t give it sufficient emphasis, your sponsor may impose software quality procedures that will very likely be much more onerous and less effective than the ones you would identify yourself. Douglass E. Post, ... Robert F. Lucas, in Advances in Computers, 2006. I know are. In addition, their morale will increase in proportion to the support of their management. T. Capers Jones lists the equivalent single lines of code (SLOC) per function point (FP) for the common computer languages [74] since computer languages have different information densities. Developing good teams is the key to developing good software. The comparative case study examines in rich detail the context and features of two or more instances of specific phenomena. The complementarity of the two approaches has been recognized implicitly in the stream of policy analysis inquiring into how each of the mechanisms of persuasion, alteration of information, shift in the availability of opportunities to engage in particular behaviors, reward and punishment can be used to bring about desired behavioral change. The development of large, complex technical codes is inherently very risky. We calibrated this model for scientific code projects using the comparative case study data. [45]). Such codes are a waste of resources and the efforts of creative people. Function points are a weighted total of inputs, outputs, inquiries, logical files and interfaces [74,78]. a comparative study of botswana and zambia by sepo imakando musokotwane a thesis submitted in fulfilment for the degree of doctor of philosophy in management from witwatersrand business school at the university of witwatersrand supervisor: prof. munacinga simatele december 2016 This has provided openings for the social practices theorists who claim that actor choices are guided by logics of appropriateness derived from shared definitions of social roles and proper conduct by role-holders, rather than by utilitarian calculation of material interests. There is no comparable North American organization, although in the 1960s there was the Council of Social Science Data Archives. Our approach has been to examine existing code projects, and develop “lessons learned” from their successes and failures. While the “lessons learned” list may seem obvious and certainly contains no surprises, implementing them in practice is always challenging. The purpose of this research is to examine the way two New Zealand-based case study organizations, a tertiary institution and a primary industry organization, use the social networking site Bebo for communication. Both areas are crucial for success for technical software projects, and have special—and often not well understood—requirements. However, this failure may cause management to take actions that punish rather than help the code team, and thus contribute to the failure of the entire project. As Tim Lister states: “People don’t think faster under pressure.” Similarly, the maximum size of a code team is limited by the ability of people to communicate complicated information with each other. Qualitative Comparative Case Study Analysis. Adequate development time is necessary—but not sufficient—for success. Equation (5) converts the single lines of code, available for all of the projects, to Function points (FP). The Central Archive for Empirical Social Research (ZA), based at the University of Cologne in the former West Germany, was next in 1960, followed in 1962 by the Steinmetz Archive in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and the Inter-university Consortium for Political Research (ICPR), at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. This interpretive, qualitative comparative case study identifies why each organization decided to use Bebo, what it intended to achieve, whether Bebo helped each organization to achieve its goals and objectives, and the challenges and opportunities for developing authentic and interactive dialogue faced by each organization with its intended public. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. If adequate resources and schedule are not provided, the project will fail to meet its objectives on time. The skills required for dealing with qualitative data correspond in many ways to the skills of verstehen and ausdruck mentioned by Max Weber in his essay The Meaning of “Ethical Neutrality” in Sociology and Economics. Using statistical ‘degrees of freedom’ as a metaphor, the theory-directed case study is based on the concept of ‘implications space,’ which is similar to ‘sampling space.’ Testable implications are functional equivalents of degrees of freedom, such that the more implications (like a larger sample) the more confident we are in the validity of the conclusions drawn. The value of the code to the user is the physics capability of the code. The program was launched in 1996 with the goal to develop the predictive simulation capability required to certify an important capability of the federal government. 2. We used a smaller number based on the actual number of people we could definitely identify as having worked on the project. When to do a case study. Shading denotes historical data; white background denotes computed estimates (Eqs. W.N. Otherwise, he is a project “cheerleader,” not a project leader, and the project will fail. The nature of comparative case studies may be explored from the intersection of comparative and case study approaches. We calibrated this model for scientific code projects using the. Further methodologies can include phrase-completion exercises, recording “natural” conversations, forming focus groups, and conducting various types of observations (structured and unstructured, participant and nonparticipant, obtrusive and unobtrusive) of individuals' behavior. The included studies represented a range of countries and settings that reported on different levels of success or failure. This quantitative current advanced among those conducting case studies by the 1970s, such as Arend Lijphart (and later Ada Finifter). Predictably, the thesis of such a paper is usually an assertion that A and B are very similar yet not so similar after all. Modus operandi methods are based on the analogy of a coroner who must distinguish symptoms and properties of causes from the causes themselves. Tor Ingebrigtsen, ... Jeffrey Braithwaite, in International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2014. Other methodologies used in qualitative research involve collecting oral histories, other kinds of oral productions, written materials, and visual productions. Comparative case study thesis >>> click to order essay Sat essay handwritten The new synthesis question on the ap english language and composition for example, the second sample synthesis prompt posted on the “synthesis essay for whereas the dbq scoring guidelines indicate that a high-scoring essay be. The project manager must be able to control the resources and the team, and have the active support of senior management. Since 1977 the archives have been organized loosely under the International Federation of Data Organizations (IFDO), which is an associate member of the ISSC. To see if this experience was consistent with the Information Technology (IT) community experience, an analysis was performed on the case studies using a generic “function point” model [74] widely used by the IT industry. The University of Waikato - Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato. These collections of survey data were under development by 1947 at Williams College (Massachusetts), based upon holdings that Roper had been accumulating for 10 years. Another point is that it is clear from the function point scaling relations (Eqs. They will become more capable as they acquire new skills and will be more productive. Model Technology Solutions puts your Windows network on cruise control. The University of Waikato - Te Whare Wānanga o WaikatoFeedback and RequestsCopyright and Legal Statement. The degree of innovative computer science in the code is of little interest to the user. It seemed impossible, and with the constitutional owning a gun and a counseling session with focus that leaves us with a valuable trade it s imperative that they tend to have students attain self-actualization as an opinion of the conventions of grammar as a product, and the student. Table VIII lists the size of the code in function points, the time estimated by Eq. This estimating analysis indicates the importance of a realistic set of requirements, schedule and resources. Table VII. The contractors had over 50 years of experience in this area, and know these requirements in detail. Do you think about the same family shall be deemed thesis case comparative study unnecessary. There are no formal rules for evaluating comparative case studies, but reasonable criteria against which studies can be assessed do exist. Modus operandi analysis has been formalized, partially axiomatized, and advanced as a way to change the orientation of the social and behavioral sciences away from abstract, quantitative, predictive theories toward specific, qualitative, explanatory analyses of causal patterns (Scriven 1974, p. 108). Run the code project like the project that it is, with requirements, deliverables, a sound plan, realistic schedules and adequate resources. The other two did not meet their milestones and were eventually abandoned. If the customer does not want or like the product, the code will fail even if it is what is really required. International and Transboundary Accords, Environmental, The impact of clinical leadership on health information technology adoption: Systematic review, Tor Ingebrigtsen, ... Jeffrey Braithwaite, in, International Journal of Medical Informatics, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Successful in achieving initial program milestone. These general scalings were modified to account for the added complexity and viscosity associated with developing scientific codes specifically for the nuclear weapons complex. When r=2 and m=4, there are 24=16 configurations, each of which may involve causal order. (7)). Improving the physics is risky enough. Thank you for replying to an email from a graduate student in the United States and taking the time to work with me in completing my Master’s Thesis, I … Oxford May 2019 Approved by _____ Social media provide an innovative platform for health promotion, yet research suggests these platforms are not leveraged effectively. We found that the key predictor of success was the age of the code project and the amount of time allocated to complete the project and meet milestones. They have to be able to convince themselves that any proposed new process adds value to their work. With regards to the GRADE ratings (supplementary file 3), four comparative qualitative studies [35–38] were rated up to moderate quality because they showed large effect sizes or very different outcomes. One of the founders of modern polling (see Polling), Elmo B. Roper, organized the first of the social science data archives before the 1950s when he decided to share with social scientists and others the data from his polls. This stems partly from the scarcity, until very recently, of carefully designed comparative case studies, but even more from the use of two very different conceptions about how actors think and choose: a rational choice account, regarding actors as utility maximizers with stable interests focused primarily on material costs and benefits, and a social practices account, regarding actors as developing their understandings of themselves and their interests from membership in a wider society and socialization into its norms, discourses and collective learning processes. All studies were observational. A critical discourse analysis is applied to all transcripts and the Bebo profiles. school-based disaster education through curricular and extra-curricular activities: a comparative case study a thesis submitted to the graduate school of social sciences of middle east technical university by elanur yilmaz in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science in the department of curriculum and instruction march 2014 The comparative case study is the systematic comparison of two or more data points ("cases") obtained through use of the case study method.This definition has a number of implications. Comparative case studies involve the analysis and synthesis of the similarities, differences and patterns across two or more cases that share a common focus or goal in a way that produces knowledge that is easier to generalize about causal questions – how and why … More than one-half of the Gull code project team, for instance, was part of other organizations. The teams need to have a balanced skill mix of scientists, programmers, mathematicians and computer scientists. If the resource levels continue to be inadequate, and the schedule continues to be too ambitious, the project will fail. Where this was an issue, we used conservative estimates. The nature of comparative case studies may be explored from the intersection of comparative and case study approaches. Transboundary environmental problems, in this analysis, are international level expression of the familiar problem of negative externalities, complicated by the fact more than one government is involved (see Environmental Policy: Protection and Regulation). Judith newman if youre not a real womens lib heroine would probably not the eastwest question; it is one of the united states were protective of their relationship with politics. Seven code projects were analyzed (Table VIII). Efforts to identify the conditions facilitating or inhibiting the negotiation and implementation of international environmental accords have focused on three broad sets of factors: institutions, actor beliefs and material conditions. The modus operandi of a particular cause is its characteristic causal chain, which represents a configuration of events, properties, and processes. Definitely, it will be the latter but at an affordable price. C.G. We planned to include studies published in German and Scandinavian languages, but identified none that met our criteria. The perception is shared among many sociologists that qualitative researchers are more likely than quantitative researchers to question, as Max Weber and the phenomenologists did, the applicability of physical/natural science methods to the study of social behavior. Moreover, future directions for both the research and practice of health promotion on social media are identified. Bowley, R. C. (2009). Knight, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Introduce change with clearly defined goals in an evolutionary fashion. By the beginning of the 1970s several more European countries had data archives. The case histories and the estimation procedures indicate that it generally takes a minimum of 8 years for a code team to develop an initial capability for a weapons code project. You will understand the nature of values that reinforce them, were central in the success july. Though many social scientists will continue to prefer one approach over the other, a growing number will explore integrating the two more explicitly in more careful empirical tracings of actual processes of establishing, implementing and revising international environmental accords. Jaffer H. Ghouse, ... David C. Miller, in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2018. Rational choice analysts anticipate that the substantive provisions of international environmental accords will have a strong focus on enforcement mechanisms when addressing common pool resources or common sinks, and a strong focus on information flows, compensation mechanisms and reducing transactions costs when addressing regulatory harmonization. Inspiring user-generated content (UGC), wherein individuals create and post their own content, is a strategy that has potential to improve health promotion, especially among young people who are heavy users of social media. Social practices analysis is strongest on the importance of causal and normative beliefs in guiding actor choices, and in beginning to identify the mechanisms of deliberation and learning through which those beliefs are maintained or changed. Comparative case study thesis. The multiplication rule, rm, is used to calculate the number of possible ordered configurations of r categories, given m conditions. Case study research has a long history within the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, dating back to the early 1920's. In this view, institutions serve primarily to define legitimate and illegitimate courses of conduct, facilitate socialization of actors into their roles, facilitate actor engagement in learning about particular situations, and promote joint deliberation about the content of the shared social beliefs and norms. The case studies included metrics (code size, team size, age, etc.). The first stream of work has highlighted such considerations as the greater difficulty of regulating large numbers of actors, each creating a small part of the problem, than a small number, each creating a significant part of it; the different opportunities for particular governments to regulate depending on whether those involved in an activity move from place to place (as in shipping) or remain in one place (as in mining); the impact of linkage or separation between costs and benefits of better environmental practice (for instance, the great difficulty of securing cooperation from upstream or upwind polluters); and the influence of changing cost–benefit ratios of environmentally superior action as new technology is developed or regulations alter the relative cost of continuing old rather than adopting new forms of activity. The sizes of the codes (e.g., lines of code, loc) were approximate estimates by the code teams. 2001). Social practices analysts expect greater cooperation on environmental problems when governments (and other actors) adopt an ecological worldview, accept protection of the biosphere as a distinct policy goal, redefine government responsibility and sound business practice to include fostering ecologically sustainable forms of human activity, and include effects on the biosphere among the criteria for judging the merits of alternate economic and social policy measures. In general, good records were not available. Without a verification and validation program for the codes and their applications, there is no reason to believe that the code results have any validity at all. Use modern, but proven techniques. This approach has been followed successfully in other fields [43], and, to some extent, in the IT industry [48]. The Kite, Puffin and Finch code projects were started around early 1997. By identifying the common elements that led to success or failure to achieve objectives and comparing them to the experience of the information technology (IT) community (e.g., [48,49,70,71]), we developed a set of recommended practices for large-scale technical code projects (Table VII). European archives are organized more closely under the Council of European Social Science Data Archives (CESSDA), which has provided a basis for cooperative planning and execution of projects, technical assistance, and training. In the following sections we illustrate many of the issues defined in the sections above. Yin (2004) has described case study methodology as a distinctive means of empirical enquiry particularly We did not search “grey literature” and the snowball search yielded few new references. Dunn, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Instead, campaigns struggle to actively engage with participants beyond simple interactions. The common image of these problems as resembling a ‘prisoner's dilemma’ (Hardin 1968) leads analysts to conclude that effective institutions are those that reduce actor temptation through lengthening their time horizons and deterring cheating by monitoring and enforcement, tasks more difficult when dealing with large rather than small communities (see Environment and Common Property Institutions). The management was then able to recognize that several (but not all) of these “younger” projects were actually making very good progress compared to “normal” code development rates and had very high potential for producing successful codes that would give the whole program substantially improved tools. Such development should be carried out as an independent activity. For example, the Gull code project staff probably had a staffing level of about 50 for the first 4 or 5 years of its life instead of the 35 we assumed. Though rational choice and social practices approaches are often treated as irreconcilable theoretical rivals, they are actually complementary because each illuminates particular aspects of human behavior. This is clear evidence that schedules and requirements must be consistent. The financially largest of the data archives, the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (formerly ICPR), had in 2000 an annual budget of almost $7 million that was about equally divided between (a) income from grants and contracts and (b) income from tuition and annual dues paid by more than 350 institutions. This result emphasized the crucial need for a consistent set of requirements, resources and schedule. Functions points were not developed for technical software, but were the best measure available. Here, institutions can be used to increase the likelihood of cooperative action by augmenting the flow of information about actor preferences and behavior, providing possibilities of reducing discontent about differences in costs or benefits through concessions on related issues, or reducing transaction costs by substituting group discussions for one on one bargaining. Theory-Directed Case Study Analysis. Sometimes you will be determined by a study case comparative is what a theoretical foundation for studies concerned with investigating language in science teaching, 31(1), 212 268. Fig. Indeed, many of the most significant improvements in the physics have been due to the development and use of new and more powerful computational mathematics techniques and algorithms that, together with increased computer power, enable the scientist to solve problems that couldn’t be addressed with prior generations of computers. Three other projects (Kite, Finch and Puffin) were less than 8 years old and didn’t meet their initial milestone. (8) and the actual size of the team. M.J. Peterson, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. For software, one can only fix the objectives. High quality software has fewer defects, is more reliable and is easier to develop, maintain and use. We were able to compare the effectiveness of the different approaches and environments and draw conclusions on the most effective approaches. Two or more cases are compared by first creating a list of conditions that are believed to affect a common outcome of interest (see Ragin 1999, 2000). Interview data may need to be analyzed according to themes, models, and frameworks. 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